1. Vascular system and Digestive system

Transportation in plants

Plants transport water and minerals via xylem and food via phloem. Xylem movement is upward due to root pressure (night) and transpiration pull (day). Phloem carries food in both directions (up and down) through translocation, which uses ATP energy.

 

 

Vascular tissues - Xylem & Phloem

Excretion in plants

Transpiration is of three types based on the site where they occur. They are as follows:

• Stomata transpiration
• Lenticular transpiration
• Cuticular transpiration

Plants lack special excretory organs. They remove gases (O₂, CO₂), lose water by transpiration, and store wastes in vacuoles, leaves, gums, and resins. Some wastes are released into soil through roots.

Mouth: 

• Food is chewed by teeth and mixed with saliva, which contains salivary amylase to break starch into sugar.
• The tongue helps mix and move food.

Oesophagus: 

• Food moves to the stomach through peristaltic movements.

Stomach: 

• Gastric glands secrete HCl, pepsin, and mucus.
• HCl aids protein digestion; mucus protects the stomach lining.
• Food exits gradually via a sphincter into the small intestine.

Small intestine: 

• Longest part of the canal thats is coiled to fit the abdomen.
• Small intestine receives bile (from liver) and pancreatic juice (from pancreas).
  • Bile neutralizes acid and emulsifies fats (Emulsification)
  • Pancreatic enzymes are trypsin (proteins) and lipase (fats).
• Villi absorb nutrients into blood vessels for energy, growth, and repair.

Large intestine and anus: 

• Absorbs water from waste; remaining material is expelled through the anus under control of the anal sphincter.